Atualidade
INFORMAÇÕES GERAIS
Declaração relativa às conclusões provenientes da 15.ª reunião do Comité de Emergência, na qual foi recomendada a transição para uma abordagem da pandemia de COVID-19 numa perspetiva de longo prazo. Em consequência, o Diretor-Geral da Organização Mundial da Saúde determinou que a COVID-19 deixe de ser considerada uma emergência de saúde pública global. Foi também anunciada a publicação do Plano estratégico de resposta à COVID-19 2023-2025, delineado com o objetivo de auxiliar os países a transitar para uma abordagem sustentada da COVID-19, focada na sua prevenção, controlo e tratamento.
Statement on the fifteenth meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. 5 May 2023
https://www.who.int/news/item/05-05-2023-statement-on-the-fifteenth-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-pandemic
From emergency response to long-term COVID-19 disease management: sustaining gains made during the COVID-19 pandemic. World Health Organization, 3 May 2023.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-WHE-SPP-2023.1
Revisão sistemática que avaliou o impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 na adesão a terapêuticas crónicas. A análise dos estudos demonstrou que ocorreu diminuição da adesão em muitos tratamentos crónicos, ou mesmo a sua interrupção. Entre os motivos apontados incluem-se o medo do contágio, a dificuldade de acesso aos profissionais ou às instituições de saúde e a indisponibilidade dos medicamentos. Entre as estratégias que foram implementadas para contrariar a interrupção da terapêutica, os autores salientam a telemedicina e a expansão dos serviços proporcionados pelos farmacêuticos comunitários.
Olmastroni E, Galimberti F, Tragni E, Catapano AL, Casula M. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Adherence to Chronic Therapies: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Feb 21; 20(5): 3825. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20053825.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10001666/pdf/ijerph-20-03825.pdf
Revisão sobre a abordagem ao diagnóstico, tratamento e prevenção da COVID-19, com especial enfoque no acompanhamento em ambulatório. É salientada a importância da testagem, perante a suspeita de infeção pelo SARS-CoV-2 ou após contacto de risco. É igualmente reforçada a importância de promover a vacinação, que provou diminuir o risco de hospitalização e morte, existindo evidência de que pode reduzir também o risco de desenvolvimento de condição pós-COVID-19 após infeção aguda.
Cheng AM, Dollar E, Angier H. Outpatient Management of COVID-19: Rapid Evidence Review. Am Fam Physician. 2023 Apr; 107(4): 370-381.
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2023/0400/outpatient-management-of-covid-19.html
Descrição das duas principais teorias acerca da origem da pandemia de COVID-19, nomeadamente a transmissão zoonótica do vírus, ou a sua fuga a partir de um laboratório de biossegurança. Apesar de não existir ainda informação que permita esclarecer os eventos desencadeantes, conclui-se que será necessário um maior controlo das cadeias de abastecimento alimentar, bem como dos laboratórios que armazenam agentes biológicos de elevado risco.
Zapatero Gaviria A, Barba Martin R. What do we know about the origin of COVID-19 three years later? Rev Clin Esp (Barc). 2023 Mar 16: S2254-8874(23)00039-5. doi: 10.1016/j.rceng.2023.02.010.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10019034/pdf/main.pdf
Orientações gerais acerca da prevenção e tratamento da infeção por SARS-CoV-2 em indivíduos imunocomprometidos, na sequência da provável ineficácia dos anticorpos monoclonais tixagevimab/cilgavimab contra as novas sublinhagens da variante Ómicron, nomeadamente em profilaxia pré-exposição. É enfatizada a importância de cumprir as recomendações de vacinação e subsequentes reforços, bem como as medidas de prevenção não farmacológicas.
Patel P, Twentyman E, Koumans E, Rosenblum H, Griffin-Blake S, Jackson B, Vagi S. Information for Persons Who Are Immunocompromised Regarding Prevention and Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Context of Currently Circulating Omicron Sublineages - United States, January 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023 Feb 3; 72(5): 128-131. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7205e3.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9927066/pdf/mm7205e3.pdf
Revisão sistemática e meta-análise de 148 estudos, com o objetivo de estabelecer a prevalência e os preditores de infeções bacterianas e resistências antimicrobianas em doentes internados com COVID-19. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a probabilidade de uma coinfecção bacteriana num doente internado com COVID-19 seja baixa. Por outro lado, constatou-se uma prevalência substancial de infeções secundárias com microrganismos resistentes em doentes admitidos em unidades de cuidados intensivos. Conclui-se pela necessidade de uma vigilância global da resistência antimicrobiana, reforçando a importância de uma avaliação cuidadosa do risco-benefício do uso empírico de antibióticos em doentes com COVID-19.
Kariyawasam RM, Julien DA, Jelinski DC, Larose SL, Rennert-May E, Conly JM, et al. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis (November 2019-June 2021). Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2022 Mar 7; 11(1): 45. doi: 10.1186/s13756-022-01085-z.
https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2666-5247%2822%2900355-X
Avaliação realizada pelo Centro Europeu de Prevenção e Controlo de Doenças (ECDC) à sublinhagem XBB.1.5 da linhagem XBB do vírus SARS-CoV-2. As estimativas atuais, associadas a uma incerteza significativa, apontam para uma grande vantagem em termos de crescimento relativamente às linhagens anteriormente em circulação. Esta sublinhagem foi detetada em diversos países da UE/EEE e existe a possibilidade de que possa ter um efeito crescente no número de casos de COVID-19, mas não no próximo mês, dado estar presente em níveis muito baixos. Atualmente, não existem informações suficientes para avaliar qualquer alteração na gravidade da infeção.
Update on SARS-CoV-2 variants: ECDC assessment of the XBB.1.5 sub-lineage. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 5 Jan 2023.
https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/news-events/update-sars-cov-2-variants-ecdc-assessment-xbb15-sub-lineage
Revisão que perspetiva a evolução da pandemia de COVID-19 no ano de 2023. Entre os tópicos abordados inclui-se a evolução das estratégias de vacinação, vacinas em investigação com formulações e vias de administração inovadoras, bem como a vacinação da população pediátrica. Outros tópicos incluem a utilização de máscaras, introdução de novos fármacos no armamentário terapêutico e o acompanhamento de indivíduos afetados pela condição pós- COVID-19.
Martín Sánchez FJ, Martínez-Sellés M, Molero García JM, Moreno Guillén S, Rodríguez-Artalejo FJ, Ruiz-Galiana J, et al. Insights for COVID-19 in 2023. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2022 Dec 13:martin13dec2022. doi: 10.37201/req/122.2022.
https://seq.es/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/martin13dec2022.pdf
Revisão sistemática da literatura, acerca da incorporação das tecnologias de comunicação e informação no apoio à prestação de serviços de saúde – eHealth à prestação de cuidados farmacêuticos durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Conclui que estas práticas foram amplamente implementadas, tanto por farmacêuticos hospitalares como comunitários, o que permitiu assegurar a continuidade dos cuidados prestados, apesar das medidas de saúde pública adotadas. Realça a necessidade de um planeamento adequado e de uma avaliação contínua da sua relação custo-efetividade.
Cen ZF, Tang PK, Hu H, Cavaco AC, Zeng L, Lei SL, Ung COL. Systematic literature review of adopting eHealth in pharmaceutical care during COVID-19 pandemic: recommendations for strengthening pharmacy services. BMJ Open. 2022 Nov 23; 12(11): e066246. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066246.
https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/12/11/e066246.full.pdf
Revisão sistemática e meta-análise destinada a avaliar o efeito das distintas terapêuticas antidiabéticas nos resultados clínicos da COVID-19 em indivíduos com diabetes de tipo 2. Apesar de serem apontadas algumas limitações à exatidão dos resultados, devido às caraterísticas dos estudos incluídos, conclui-se que a terapêutica com metformina, inibidores do co-transportador de sódio e glucose 2 e agonistas dos recetores do peptídeo 1 semelhante ao glucagom poderia diminuir significativamente a mortalidade por COVID-19 em indivíduos com diabetes tipo 2.
Zhan K, Weng L, Qi L, Wang L, Lin H, Fang X, Jia H, Ma X. Effect of Antidiabetic Therapy on Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ann Pharmacother. 2022 Oct 29: 10600280221133577. doi: 10.1177/10600280221133577.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9618918/pdf/10.1177_10600280221133577.pdf
Revisão sistemática e meta-análise, com o objetivo de efetuar uma estimativa da prevalência da condição pós-COVID-19, de acordo com o contexto de cuidados necessário – ambulatório, hospitalar ou cuidados intensivos. Apesar de identificar diversas limitações aos resultados, este trabalho encontrou uma prevalência muito significativa de diversos sintomas associados à condição pós-COVID-19, especialmente em indivíduos que receberam tratamento hospitalar.
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Prevalence of post COVID-19 condition symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort study data stratified by recruitment setting. 27 October 2022. ECDC: Stockholm; 2022.
https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/Prevalence-post-COVID-19-condition-symptoms.pdf
Relatório elaborado por uma comissão de peritos, que efetua uma análise das falhas ocorridas na resposta global à pandemia de COVID-19 e na cooperação internacional de governos e instituições que dificultaram o seu controlo. Este documento pretende contribuir para o desenvolvimento sustentável pós pandémico e para a definição de planos de atuação e prevenção no caso de futuras pandemias.
Sachs JD, Karim SSA, Aknin L, Allen J, Brosbøl K, Colombo F, et al. The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2022 Sep 14: S0140-6736(22)01585-9. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01585-9.
https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2822%2901585-9
Revisão sistemática e meta-análise, com o objetivo de esclarecer a taxa de recuperação do olfato e paladar e a proporção de indivíduos com disfunção persistente do olfato e paladar em doentes com COVID-19, e indicadores prognósticos associados à recuperação. Embora se espere que a maioria dos pacientes recupere nos primeiros três meses, uma proporção significativa de doentes com COVID-19 pode desenvolver alterações duradouras no olfato ou no paladar. Foi observada uma menor recuperação em mulheres. Os doentes com maior gravidade inicial da disfunção e aqueles com congestão nasal eram menos propensos a recuperar o olfato.
Tan BKJ, Han R, Zhao JJ, Tan NKW, Quah ESH, Tan CJ, et al. Prognosis and persistence of smell and taste dysfunction in patients with covid-19: meta-analysis with parametric cure modelling of recovery curves. BMJ. 2022 Jul 27; 378: e069503. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2021-069503. Erratum in: BMJ. 2022 Aug 9;378: o1939.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9326326/pdf/bmj-2021-069503.pdf
Meta-análise realizada para avaliar o risco de reinfeção pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2 e de COVID-19 grave. Uma forte imunidade natural segue-se à infeção primária e pode durar mais de um ano. Embora as taxas de reinfeção tenham aumentado consideravelmente durante o período com dominância da variante Ómicron, o risco de um episódio de doença grave ou letal permaneceu muito baixo. O perfil de risco-benefício de doses múltiplas de vacina para os indivíduos previamente infetados precisa de uma cuidadosa avaliação.
LFlacco ME, Acuti Martellucci C, Baccolini V, De Vito C, Renzi E, Villari P, Manzoli L. Risk of reinfection and disease after SARS-CoV-2 primary infection: Meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Invest. 2022 Jul 29: e13845. doi: 10.1111/eci.13845.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eci.13845
Revisão sistemática e meta-análise, com o objetivo de estimar a prevalência da condição pós-COVID-19 em crianças e adolescentes e apresentar o espectro de sintomas presentes após COVID-19 aguda. A prevalência de efeitos de longo prazo foi de 25,24%, e as manifestações clínicas mais frequentes foram alterações do humor (tristeza, tensão, raiva, depressão e ansiedade), fadiga e distúrbios do sono. As crianças infetadas pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2 apresentaram maior risco de dispneia persistente, anosmia/ageusia e/ou febre em comparação com as dos grupos de controlo.
Lopez-Leon S, Wegman-Ostrosky T, Ayuzo Del Valle NC, Perelman C, Sepulveda R, Rebolledo PA, et al. Long-COVID in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Sci Rep. 2022 Jun 23; 12(1): 9950. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-13495-5.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-13495-5.pdf
Investigação da proporção de crianças afetadas por condição pós-COVID-19 no intervalo de 90 dias após teste positivo efetuado num serviço de urgência. Numa coorte de 1884 crianças, 5,8% desenvolveram esta condição, incluindo 9,8% das crianças hospitalizadas e 4,6% das tratadas em ambulatório. Fatores associados à condição pós-COVID-19 incluem internamento por período igual ou superior a 48 horas, reporte de quatro ou mais sintomas no serviço de urgência e idade igual ou superior a 14 anos.
Funk AL, Kuppermann N, Florin TA, Tancredi DJ, Xie J, Kim K, et al; Pediatric Emergency Research Network–COVID-19 Study Team. Post-COVID-19 Conditions Among Children 90 Days After SARS-CoV-2 Infection. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Jul 1; 5(7): e2223253. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.23253.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2794484
Investigação da incidência de novos casos de diabetes mellitus e de doenças cardiovasculares ao longo de 12 meses após diagnóstico de COVID-19. Comparativamente a indivíduos sem COVID-19, foi demonstrado um aumento inicial de doenças cardiovasculares, principalmente embolismo pulmonar, tromboembolismo venoso e arritmias supraventriculares, bem como da incidência de diabetes, com retorno gradual aos níveis base no final do período de estudo.
Rezel-Potts E, Douiri A, Sun X, Chowienczyk PJ, Shah AM, Gulliford MC. Cardiometabolic outcomes up to 12 months after COVID-19 infection. A matched cohort study in the UK. PLoS Med. 2022 Jul 19; 19(7): e1004052. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004052.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9295991/pdf/pmed.1004052.pdf
Campbell JI, Dubois MM, Savage TJ, Hood-Pishchany MI, Sharma TS, Petty CR, et al; Pediatric COVID-19 US Registry. Comorbidities Associated with Hospitalization and Progression Among Adolescents with Symptomatic Coronavirus Disease 2019. J Pediatr. 2022 Jun; 245: 102-110.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.02.048.
https://www.jpeds.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0022-3476%2822%2900169-X
Di Chiara C, Cantarutti A, Costenaro P, Donà D, Bonfante F, Cosma C, et al. Long-term Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Children and Adults After Mild Infection. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Jul 1; 5(7): e2221616. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.21616.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2794167
Bouillon K, Baricault B, Semenzato L, Botton J, Bertrand M, Drouin J, et al. Association of Statins for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases With Hospitalization for COVID-19: A Nationwide Matched Population-Based Cohort Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022 Jun 21; 11(12): e023357. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.121.023357.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/epdf/10.1161/JAHA.121.023357
Bager P, Wohlfahrt J, Bhatt S, Stegger M, Legarth R, Møller CH, et al; Omicron-Delta study group. Risk of hospitalisation associated with infection with SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant versus delta variant in Denmark: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022 Jul; 22(7): 967-976. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00154-2.
https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S1473-3099%2822%2900154-2
Ma S, Su W, Sun C, Lowe S, Zhou Z, Liu H, et al. Does aspirin have an effect on risk of death in patients with COVID-19? A meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2022 Jun 22: 1–18. doi: 10.1007/s00228-022-03356-5.
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00228-022-03356-5.pdf
Sheikh A, Kerr S, Woolhouse M, McMenamin J, Robertson C; EAVE II Collaborators. Severity of omicron variant of concern and effectiveness of vaccine boosters against symptomatic disease in Scotland (EAVE II): a national cohort study with nested test-negative design. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022 Jul; 22(7): 959-966. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00141-4.
https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S1473-3099%2822%2900141-4
Au WY, Cheung PP. Effectiveness of heterologous and homologous covid-19 vaccine regimens: living systematic review with network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2022 May 31; 377: e069989. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2022-069989.
https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/377/bmj-2022-069989.full.pdf
Edlow AG, Castro VM, Shook LL, Kaimal AJ, Perlis RH. Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 1 Year in Infants of Mothers Who Tested Positive for SARS-CoV-2 During Pregnancy. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Jun 1; 5(6): e2215787. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.15787.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2793178
Al-Aly Z, Bowe B, Xie Y. Long COVID after breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Med. 2022 May 25. doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-01840-0.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-022-01840-0.pdf
Xie Y, Al-Aly Z. Risks and burdens of incident diabetes in long COVID: a cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022 May; 10(5): 311-321. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00044-4.
https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2213-8587%2822%2900044-4
McClymont E, Albert AY, Alton GD, Boucoiran I, Castillo E, Fell DB, et al; CANCOVID-Preg Team. Association of SARS-CoV-2 Infection During Pregnancy With Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes. JAMA. 2022 May 2. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.5906.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2792031
Ayoubkhani D, Bermingham C, Pouwels KB, Glickman M, Nafilyan V, Zaccardi F, Khunti K, Alwan NA, Walker AS. Trajectory of long covid symptoms after covid-19 vaccination: community based cohort study. BMJ. 2022 May 18; 377: e069676. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2021-069676.
https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/377/bmj-2021-069676.full.pdf
Asiimwe IG, Pushpakom SP, Turner RM, Kolamunnage-Dona R, Jorgensen AL, Pirmohamed M. Cardiovascular drugs and COVID-19 clinical outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022 Mar 24. doi: 10.1111/bcp.15331.
https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bcp.15331
Conti V, Sellitto C, Torsiello M, Manzo V, De Bellis E, Stefanelli B, et al. Identification of Drug Interaction Adverse Events in Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Apr 1; 5(4): e227970. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.7970.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2791291
Fragkou PC, De Angelis G, Menchinelli G, Can F, Garcia F, Morfin-Sherpa F, et al. ESCMID COVID-19 guidelines: diagnostic testing for SARS-CoV-2. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2022 Feb 23: S1198-743X(22)00084-2. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2022.02.011.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8863949/pdf/main.pdf
Menni C, Valdes AM, Polidori L, Antonelli M, Penamakuri S, Nogal A, et al. Symptom prevalence, duration, and risk of hospital admission in individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 during periods of omicron and delta variant dominance: a prospective observational study from the ZOE COVID Study. Lancet. 2022 Apr 23; 399(10335): 1618-1624. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00327-0.
https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2822%2900327-0
Allotey J, Chatterjee S, Kew T, Gaetano A, Stallings E, Fernández-García S, et al; PregCOV-19 Living Systematic Review Consortium. SARS-CoV-2 positivity in offspring and timing of mother-to-child transmission: living systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2022 Mar 16; 376: e067696. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2021-067696.
https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/376/bmj-2021-067696.full.pdf
Raman B, Bluemke DA, Lüscher TF, Neubauer S. Long COVID: post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 with a cardiovascular focus. Eur Heart J. 2022 Mar 14; 43(11): 1157-1172. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac031.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8903393/pdf/ehac031.pdf
Joshee S, Vatti N, Chang C. Long-Term Effects of COVID-19. Mayo Clin Proc. 2022 Mar; 97(3): 579-599. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.12.017.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8752286/pdf/main.pdf
Rainisch G, Jeon S, Pappas D, Spencer KD, Fischer LS, Adhikari BB, et al. Estimated COVID-19 Cases and Hospitalizations Averted by Case Investigation and Contact Tracing in the US. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Mar 1; 5(3): e224042. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.4042.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2790518
COVID-19 Excess Mortality Collaborators. Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020-21. Lancet. 2022 Mar 10: S0140-6736(21)02796-3. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3.
https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2821%2902796-3
Xie Y, Xu E, Al-Aly Z. Risks of mental health outcomes in people with covid-19: cohort study. BMJ. 2022 Feb 16; 376: e068993. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2021-068993.
https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/376/bmj-2021-068993.full.pdf
Sund M, Fonseca-Rodríguez O, Josefsson A, Welen K, Fors Connolly AM. Association between pharmaceutical modulation of oestrogen in postmenopausal women in Sweden and death due to COVID-19: a cohort study. BMJ Open. 2022 Feb 14; 12(2): e053032. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053032.
https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/12/2/e053032.full.pdf
Nguyen NN, Hoang VT, Dao TL, Dudouet P, Eldin C, Gautret P. Clinical patterns of somatic symptoms in patients suffering from post-acute long COVID: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2022 Feb 10. doi: 10.1007/s10096-022-04417-4.
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10096-022-04417-4.pdf
Phetsouphanh C, Darley DR, Wilson DB, Howe A, Munier CML, Patel SK, et al. Immunological dysfunction persists for 8 months following initial mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Immunol. 2022 Feb; 23(2): 210-216. doi: 10.1038/s41590-021-01113-x.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41590-021-01113-x.pdf
Bhaskaran K, Rentsch CT, Hickman G, Hulme WJ, Schultze A, Curtis HJ, et al. Overall and cause-specific hospitalisation and death after COVID-19 hospitalisation in England: A cohort study using linked primary care, secondary care, and death registration data in the OpenSAFELY platform. PLoS Med. 2022 Jan 25; 19(1): e1003871. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003871.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8789178/pdf/pmed.1003871.pdf
Premraj L, Kannapadi NV, Briggs J, Seal SM, Battaglini D, Fanning J, et al. Mid and long-term neurological and neuropsychiatric manifestations of post-COVID-19 syndrome: A meta-analysis. J Neurol Sci. 2022 Jan 29; 434: 120162. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120162.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8798975/pdf/main.pdf
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https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2775006
TRATAMENTOS
- Ensaio multicêntrico aleatorizado, controlado, aberto e de plataforma adaptativa, realizado com o objetivo de estabelecer se o molnupiravir reduz os internamentos hospitalares e/ou as mortes associadas a COVID-19 em pessoas vacinadas com risco aumentado de complicações por COVID-19 tratadas em ambulatório. O estudo foi realizado numa população maioritariamente infetada pela variante Ómicron. O molnupiravir não reduziu a frequência de hospitalizações ou mortes associadas à COVID-19. O tratamento foi, no entanto, associado a um tempo de recuperação mais rápido e à redução da carga viral.
Butler CC, Hobbs FDR, Gbinigie OA, Rahman NM, Hayward G, Richards DB, et al. Molnupiravir plus usual care versus usual care alone as early treatment for adults with COVID-19 at increased risk of adverse outcomes (PANORAMIC): an open-label, platform-adaptive randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2022 Dec 22: S0140-6736(22)02597-1. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02597-1.
https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2822%2902597-1
- Análise secundária de um ensaio clínico em plataforma adaptativa, ainda a decorrer, com o propósito de determinar o efeito de diversas intervenções nos resultados clínicos a longo prazo de indivíduos adultos com COVID-19 crítica. Concluiu que o tratamento com antagonistas dos recetores da interleucina-6 e antiagregantes plaquetários esteve associado a uma elevada probabilidade de resultados mais favoráveis sobre a mortalidade num intervalo de 180 dias.
Writing Committee for the REMAP-CAP Investigators, Higgins AM, Berry LR, Lorenzi E, Murthy S, McQuilten Z, Mouncey PR, et al. Long-term (180-Day) Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 in the REMAP-CAP Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2022 Dec 16. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.23257.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2799870
- Recomendações de prática clínica para o tratamento ambulatório de indivíduos com COVID-19, desenvolvidas pelo American College of Physicians. São indicadas as terapêuticas para as quais o benefício foi demonstrado e cujo uso pode ser considerado, bem como os fármacos cujo uso não é suportado pela evidência atualmente disponível e que não estão recomendados.
Qaseem A, Yost J, Miller MC, Andrews R, Jokela JA, Forciea MA, Abraham GM, Humphrey LL; Scientific Medical Policy Committee of the American College of Physicians. Outpatient Treatment of Confirmed COVID-19: Living, Rapid Practice Points From the American College of Physicians (Version 1). Ann Intern Med. 2022 Nov 29. doi: 10.7326/M22-2249.
https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M22-2249
- Descrição dos resultados obtidos com a ivermectina, no âmbito de um ensaio clínico em plataforma, aleatorizado, com dupla ocultação e controlado por placebo, com o propósito de investigar a efetividade de diversos fármacos no tratamento ambulatório de indivíduos com COVID-19 ligeira a moderada. A administração de 400 μg/kg/dia de ivermectina, durante três dias, não mostrou melhorar de modo significativo o tempo de recuperação.
Naggie S, Boulware DR, Lindsell CJ, Stewart TG, Gentile N, Collins S, et al; Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines (ACTIV-6) Study Group and Investigators. Effect of Ivermectin vs Placebo on Time to Sustained Recovery in Outpatients With Mild to Moderate COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2022 Oct 25; 328(16): 1595-1603. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.18590.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2797483
- Revisão e síntese da evidência acerca da efetividade de anticorpos monoclonais neutralizantes em indivíduos expostos, ou infetados, pelo SARS-CoV-2 e em elevado risco de COVID-19 grave. Os resultados indicam que o seu uso está associado a uma redução estatisticamente significativa no risco de hospitalização e a uma provável diminuição na mortalidade, no internamento em cuidados intensivos e nas taxas de ventilação invasiva.
McConnell D, Harte M, Walsh C, Murphy D, Nichol A, Barry M, Adams R. Comparative effectiveness of neutralising monoclonal antibodies in high risk COVID-19 patients: a Bayesian network meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2022 Oct 20; 12(1): 17561. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-22431-6.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-22431-6
- Avaliação da efetividade do nirmatrelvir na prevenção de resultados clínicos graves devido à COVID-19 durante a predominância da variante Ómicron, numa população com ampla imunidade prévia, com base nos registos de uma base de dados eletrónica de um sistema de saúde. A administração de nirmatrelvir mostrou diminuir significativamente as taxas de hospitalização e morte por COVID-19 em indivíduos com idade igual ou superior a 65 anos, sem evidência de benefício em adultos mais jovens.
Arbel R, Wolff Sagy Y, Hoshen M, Battat E, Lavie G, Sergienko R, et al. Nirmatrelvir Use and Severe Covid-19 Outcomes during the Omicron Surge. N Engl J Med. 2022 Aug 24. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2204919.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa2204919?articleTools=true
- De acordo com esta revisão sistemática e meta-análise, o molnupiravir e o nirmatrelvir-ritonavir provavelmente reduzem o risco de internamentos hospitalares e morte entre doentes com COVID19 não grave. O nirmatrelvir-ritonavir é provavelmente mais eficaz do que o molnupiravir na redução do risco de internamentos. A eficácia destes fármacos deve ser testada em indivíduos vacinados e contra as variantes mais recentes. Ensaios futuros podem melhorar a certeza das evidências sobre a eficácia comparativa dos tratamentos antivirais.
Pitre T, Van Alstine R, Chick G, Leung G, Mikhail D, Cusano E, et al. Antiviral drug treatment for nonsevere COVID-19: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2022 Jul 25; 194(28): E969-E980. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.220471.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9328465/pdf/194e969.pdf
- O estudo proporciona dados do mundo real em doentes de alto risco não imunocomprometidos e imunocomprometidos, que receberam sotrovimab durante o surto com a variante Ómicron. O recurso a serviços de urgências e/ou os internamentos, e a mortalidade por todas as causas num intervalo de 30 dias entre os dois grupos foram semelhantes, isto é, quando administrado precocemente, o sotrovimab é eficaz na prevenção da progressão da COVID-19 em doentes imunocomprometidos e não imunocomprometidos
Birk NK, Jain S, Massoud L, Ramesh D, Monday L, Muma B, et al. Real-world Experience of Sotrovimab in High-risk, Immunocompromised COVID-19 Patients. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022 Jun 7; 9(7): ofac282. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofac282.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9214182/pdf/ofac282.pdf
- Atualização de uma revisão sistemática dinâmica e meta-análise acerca do tratamento farmacológico da COVID-19. Em indivíduos com COVID-19 grave, os corticosteroides, os antagonistas dos recetores da interleucina-6 e os inibidores da Janus cinase provavelmente reduzem a mortalidade e conferem outros benefícios. O nirmatrelvir/ritonavir e o molnupiravir provavelmente reduzem os internamentos hospitalares em pessoas com infeção não grave.
Siemieniuk RA, Bartoszko JJ, Zeraatkar D, Kum E, Bartoszko A, Martinez JPD, et al. Drug treatments for covid-19: living systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020 Jul 30;370:m2980. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m2980. Update in: BMJ. 2020 Sep 11;370:m3536. Update in: BMJ. 2020 Dec 17;371:m4852. Update in: BMJ. 2021 Mar 31;3 72: n858. Erratum in: BMJ. 2021 Apr 13; 373: n967.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7390912/pdf/bmj.m2980.pdf
- Ensaio multicêntrico aleatorizado, controlado, aberto e de plataforma adaptativa, realizado com o objetivo de determinar se a colquicina reduz o tempo de recuperação e os internamentos hospitalares e/ou a morte relacionados com a COVID-19 em pessoas tratadas em ambulatório. Comparativamente ao tratamento padrão, a colquicina não melhorou o tempo de recuperação em pessoas com maior risco de complicações por COVID-19, num intervalo de 28 dias.
Dorward J, Yu LM, Hayward G, Saville BR, Gbinigie O, Van Hecke O, et al. Colchicine for COVID-19 in the community (PRINCIPLE): a randomised, controlled, adaptive platform trial. Br J Gen Pract. 2022 Jun 30; 72(720): e446-e455. doi: 10.3399/BJGP.2022.0083.
https://bjgp.org/content/bjgp/72/720/e446.full.pdf
- Ensaio clínico de fase 3 aleatorizado, controlado por placebo e com dupla ocultação, que investigou a associação de anticorpos monoclonais tixagevimab-cilgavimab no tratamento da COVID-19 em indivíduos hospitalizados. A sua adição ao tratamento padrão, que incluía remdesivir, não mostrou melhorar o tempo para uma recuperação sustentada, mas esteve associada a menor taxa de mortalidade, sem reporte de efeitos adversos graves.
ACTIV-3–Therapeutics for Inpatients with COVID-19 (TICO) Study Group. Tixagevimab-cilgavimab for treatment of patients hospitalised with COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2022 Jul 8: S2213-2600(22)00215-6. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00215-6.
https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2213-2600%2822%2900215-6
Malden DE, Hong V, Lewin BJ, Ackerson BK, Lipsitch M, Lewnard JA, Tartof SY. Hospitalization and Emergency Department Encounters for COVID-19 After Paxlovid Treatment - California, December 2021-May 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022 Jun 24; 71(25): 830-833. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7125e2.
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/pdfs/mm7125e2-H.pdf
Valeriani E, Porfidia A, Ageno W, Spoto S, Pola R, Di Nisio M. High-dose versus low-dose venous thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intern Emerg Med. 2022 Jun 27: 1–9. doi: 10.1007/s11739-022-03004-x.
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11739-022-03004-x.pdf
Selvaraj V, Finn A, Lal A, Khan MS, Dapaah-Afriyie K, Carino GP. Baricitinib in hospitalised patients with COVID-19: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. EClinicalMedicine. 2022 Jul; 49: 101489. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101489.
https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2589-5370%2822%2900219-X
Popp M, Reis S, Schießer S, Hausinger RI, Stegemann M, Metzendorf MI, Kranke P, Meybohm P, Skoetz N, Weibel S. Ivermectin for preventing and treating COVID-19. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Jun 21;6:CD015017. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD015017.pub3.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9215332/pdf/CD015017.pdf
Montgomery H, Hobbs FDR, Padilla F, Arbetter D, Templeton A, Seegobin S, et al; TACKLE study group. Efficacy and safety of intramuscular administration of tixagevimab-cilgavimab for early outpatient treatment of COVID-19 (TACKLE): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2022 Jun 7: S2213-2600(22)00180-1. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00180-1.
https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2213-2600%2822%2900180-1
Najjar-Debbiny R, Gronich N, Weber G, Khoury J, Amar M, Stein N, et al. Effectiveness of Paxlovid in Reducing Severe COVID-19 and Mortality in High Risk Patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2022 Jun 2: ciac443. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciac443.
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Cuker A, Tseng EK, Nieuwlaat R, Angchaisuksiri P, Blair C, Dane K, et al. American Society of Hematology 2021 guidelines on the use of anticoagulation for thromboprophylaxis in patients with COVID-19. Blood Adv. 2021 Feb 9;5(3):872-888. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003763.
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Remdesivir: Evidence Review and Appraisal. CADTH (updated February 19, 2021)
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CORIMUNO-19 Collaborative group. Effect of anakinra versus usual care in adults in hospital with COVID-19 and mild-to-moderate pneumonia (CORIMUNO-ANA-1): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2021 Jan 22;9(3):295–304. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30556-7.
https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2213-2600%2820%2930556-7
WHO Solidarity Trial Consortium, Pan H, Peto R, Henao-Restrepo AM, Preziosi MP, Sathiyamoorthy V, Abdool Karim Q, et al. Repurposed Antiviral Drugs for Covid-19 - Interim WHO Solidarity Trial Results. N Engl J Med. 2021 Feb 11;384(6):497-511. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2023184.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa2023184?articleTools=true
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Lopes RD, Macedo AVS, de Barros E Silva PGM, Moll-Bernardes RJ, Dos Santos TM, et al; BRACE CORONA Investigators. Effect of Discontinuing vs Continuing Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers on Days Alive and Out of the Hospital in Patients Admitted With COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2021 Jan 19;325(3):254-264. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.25864. PMID: 33464336; PMCID: PMC7816106.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2775280
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RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Azithromycin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet. 2021 Feb 2: S0140-6736(21)00149-5. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00149-5. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33545096.
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Rentsch CT, Beckman JA, Tomlinson L, Gellad WF, Alcorn C, Kidwai-Khan F, et al. Early initiation of prophylactic anticoagulation for prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 mortality in patients admitted to hospital in the United States: cohort study. BMJ. 2021 Feb 11;372:n311. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n311.
https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/372/bmj.n311.full.pdf
Singh B, Ryan H, Kredo T, Chaplin M, Fletcher T. Chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for prevention and treatment of COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2021, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD013587. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013587.pub2. Accessed 16 February 2021.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD013587.pub2/full/es?highlightAbstract=covid
Khan FA, Stewart I, Fabbri L, Moss S, Robinson K, Smyth AR, Jenkins G. Systematic review and meta-analysis of anakinra, sarilumab, siltuximab and tocilizumab for COVID-19. Thorax. 2021 Feb 12:thoraxjnl-2020-215266. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215266. Epub ahead of print.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/thoraxjnl/early/2021/02/15/thoraxjnl-2020-215266.full.pdf
Weinreich DM, Sivapalasingam S, Norton T, Ali S, Gao H, Bhore R, et al; Trial Investigators. REGN-COV2, a Neutralizing Antibody Cocktail, in Outpatients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021 Jan 21; 384(3): 238-251. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2035002. Epub 2020 Dec 17.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7781102/pdf/NEJMoa2035002.pdf
Ripoll JG, van Helmond N, Senefeld JW, Wiggins CC, Klassen SA, Baker SE, et al. Convalescent Plasma for Infectious Diseases: Historical Framework and Use in COVID-19. Clin Microbiol Newsl. 2021 Feb 15;43(4):23-32. doi: 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2021.02.001. Epub 2021 Feb 5.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7862032/pdf/main.pdf
COVID-19 Clinical management: living guidance. World Health Organization
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-clinical-2021-1
Morán Blanco JI, Alvarenga Bonilla JA, Homma S, Suzuki K, Fremont-Smith P, Villar Gómez de Las Heras K. Antihistamines and azithromycin as a treatment for COVID-19 on primary health care - A retrospective observational study in elderly patients. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2021 Jan 16;67:101989. doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2021.101989.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1094553921000018
Shah W, Hillman T, Playford ED, Hishmeh L. Managing the long term effects of covid-19: summary of NICE, SIGN, and RCGP rapid guideline. BMJ. 2021 Jan 22;372:n136. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n136.
https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/372/bmj.n136.full.pdf
Shrestha DB, Budhathoki P, Syed NI, Rawal E, Raut S, Khadka S. Remdesivir: A potential game-changer or just a myth? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Life Sci. 2021 Jan 1;264:118663. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118663. Epub 2020 Oct 26.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7586105/pdf/main.pdf
Cortegiani A, Ippolito M, Greco M, Granone V, Protti A, Gregoretti C, Giarratano A, Einav S, Cecconi M. Rationale and evidence on the use of tocilizumab in COVID-19: a systematic review. Pulmonology. 2021 Jan-Feb;27(1):52-66. doi: 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2020.07.003.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2531043720301537?via%3Dihub
Lee TC, McDonald EG, Butler-Laporte G, Harrison LB, Cheng MP, Brophy JM. Remdesivir and Systemic Corticosteroids for the Treatment of COVID-19: A Bayesian Reanalysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2021 Feb 1: S1201-9712(21)00077-1. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.01.065. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33540128.
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(pre-proof)
Gottlieb RL, Nirula A, Chen P, Boscia J, Heller B, Morris J, Huhn G, Cardona J, Mocherla B, Stosor V, Shawa I, Kumar P, Adams AC, Van Naarden J, Custer KL, Durante M, Oakley G, Schade AE, Holzer TR, Ebert PJ, Higgs RE, Kallewaard NL, Sabo J, Patel DR, Klekotka P, Shen L, Skovronsky DM. Effect of Bamlanivimab as Monotherapy or in Combination With Etesevimab on Viral Load in Patients With Mild to Moderate COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2021 Jan 21:e210202. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.0202. Epub ahead of print.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2775647
VACINAS
Análise interina dos resultados de um estudo multicêntrico ainda a decorrer, impulsionado pelo Centro Europeu de Prevenção e Controlo de Doenças (ECDC) e desenvolvido em âmbito hospitalar, que pretende investigar a efetividade das vacinas contra a COVID-19 na prevenção de infeção respiratória aguda grave causada pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2. Esta quarta atualização dos resultados abrange um período mais prolongado de dominância da variante Ómicron e inclui estimativas de efetividade para a primeira dose de reforço.
Interim analysis of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against Severe Acute Respiratory Infection due to laboratoryconfirmed SARS-CoV-2 among individuals aged 20 years and older, ECDC multi-country study – fourth update. 16 March 2023. Stockholm: ECDC; 2023
https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/COVID-19-vaccine-individuals-20-years-fourth-update-march-2023.pdf
Descrição das atividades de um grupo consultivo de peritos, criado sob a égide da Organização Mundial da Saúde, destinado a avaliar as possíveis implicações das variantes de preocupação emergentes do vírus SARS-CoV-2 na manutenção de efetividade das vacinas contra a COVID-19. É referido o procedimento de avaliação da evidência que permite fundamentar as recomendações e propostas deste grupo acerca da modificação na composição antigénica das vacinas.
Grant R, Sacks JA, Abraham P, Chunsuttiwat S, Cohen C, Figueroa JP, et al. When to update COVID-19 vaccine composition. Nat Med. 2023 Feb 20. doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02220-y.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-023-02220-y
Meta-análise e síntese sistemática dinâmica da evidência, que avaliou a efetividade a longo prazo das vacinas contra a COVID-19 no risco de infeções, hospitalizações e mortalidade em adultos. Apesar de a efetividade vacinal diminuir ao longo do tempo, os resultados indicam que a vacinação permanece uma estratégia efetiva para reduzir a mortalidade e as hospitalizações por COVID-19, tendo menor impacto no risco de infeção. Contudo, a efetividade contra a variante Ómicron foi notoriamente inferior. Os autores indicam que para o controlo das infeções a longo prazo pode ser necessário adotar outras medidas preventivas, como a utilização de máscaras e o distanciamento.
Wu N, Joyal-Desmarais K, Ribeiro PAB, Vieira AM, Stojanovic J, Sanuade C, Yip D, Bacon SL. Long-term effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against infections, hospitalisations, and mortality in adults: findings from a rapid living systematic evidence synthesis and meta-analysis up to December, 2022. Lancet Respir Med. 2023 Feb 10: S2213-2600(23)00015-2. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(23)00015-2.
https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2213-2600%2823%2900015-2
Estimativa da efetividade do reforço vacinal contra a COVID-19, com a formulação bivalente de vacinas baseadas em ARN mensageiro, na prevenção do recurso a serviços de urgências e de internamento hospitalar. Com base nos dados recolhidos nos primeiros dois meses de utilização, concluiu-se que o reforço bivalente proporcionou proteção adicional em indivíduos que haviam recebido previamente entre duas a quatro doses da vacina monovalente, com maior efetividade para intervalos superiores entre a administração da dose monovalente e do reforço bivalente.
Tenforde MW, Weber ZA, Natarajan K, Klein NP, Kharbanda AB, Stenehjem E, et al. Early Estimates of Bivalent mRNA Vaccine Effectiveness in Preventing COVID-19-Associated Emergency Department or Urgent Care Encounters and Hospitalizations Among Immunocompetent Adults - VISION Network, Nine States, September-November 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022 Dec 30; 71(5152): 1616-1624. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm715152e1.
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/pdfs/mm715152e1-H.pdf
Revisão sistemática realizada com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia e segurança das diversas vacinas disponíveis contra a COVID-19, tanto dos esquemas primários de imunização, como da administração de doses de reforço. Foi encontrada evidência com elevado grau de certeza de que a maioria das vacinas em utilização permitem reduzir a incidência de COVID-19 sintomática e que algumas reduzem também o risco de COVID-19 grave ou crítica.
Graña C, Ghosn L, Evrenoglou T, Jarde A, Minozzi S, Bergman H, et al. Efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Dec 7; 12(12): CD015477. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD015477.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD015477/epdf/standard
-Estudo multinacional, com o objetivo de comparar o risco de síndrome de trombocitopenia com trombose ou de eventos tromboembólicos associados a vacinas contra a COVID-19 baseadas em adenovírus - ChAdOx1-S (Oxford-AstraZeneca) e Ad26.COV2.S (Janssen/Johnson & Johnson)- ou ARN mensageiro - BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) e mRNA-1273 (Moderna). Os dados obtidos permitiram detetar um aumento de 30% do risco de trombocitopenia após a primeira dose da vacina ChAdOx1-S, bem como uma tendência para aumento do risco de trombose venosa com trombocitopenia após a primeira dose da Ad26.COV2.S comparativamente à BNT162b2.
Li X, Burn E, Duarte-Salles T, Yin C, Reich C, Delmestri A, et al. Comparative risk of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome or thromboembolic events associated with different covid-19 vaccines: international network cohort study from five European countries and the US. BMJ. 2022 Oct 26; 379: e071594. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2022-071594.
https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/379/bmj-2022-071594.full.pdf
- Revisão sistemática e meta-análise, com o objetivo de analisar a associação entre a vacinação contra a COVID-19 durante a gravidez e resultados adversos durante o parto. Não foi encontrada associação a maior risco de eventos como parto prematuro, restrição do crescimento intrauterino, baixo índice Apgar aos 5 minutos, cesariana, entre outros. Por outro lado, a vacinação durante a gravidez esteve associada a menor risco de admissão em cuidados intensivos neonatais, morte intrauterina e infeção materna por SARS-CoV-2.
Watanabe A, Yasuhara J, Iwagami M, Miyamoto Y, Yamada Y, Suzuki Y, Takagi H, Kuno T. Peripartum Outcomes Associated With COVID-19 Vaccination During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2022 Oct 3. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.3456.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2796976
- Comparação das taxas de hospitalização por COVID-19 entre indivíduos vacinados e não vacinados, e caraterização das hospitalizações associadas à COVID-19 em indivíduos vacinados, em 13 estados dos EUA. No período de predominância da variante Ómicron – janeiro a abril de 2022, os indivíduos não vacinados apresentaram taxas de hospitalização 10,5 vezes superiores às de indivíduos vacinados e que receberam uma dose de reforço, taxa esta que foi 2,5 vezes superior em vacinados sem dose de reforço. Nos vacinados, os casos de internamento foram mais prováveis em indivíduos mais idosos ou com mais patologias subjacentes.
- Havers FP, Pham H, Taylor CA, Whitaker M, Patel K, Anglin O, et al. COVID-19-Associated Hospitalizations Among Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Adults 18 Years or Older in 13 US States, January 2021 to April 2022. JAMA Intern Med. 2022 Oct 1; 182(10): 1071-1081. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.4299.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2796235
- Revisão da evidência atual acerca das respostas imunitárias desencadeadas pelas vacinas contra a COVID-19 e da importância quer da imunidade humoral, quer da celular, na obtenção de proteção duradora contra doença grave. São também elencados fatores a considerar no planeamento de uma estratégia de administração de doses de reforço.
- Barouch DH. Covid-19 Vaccines - Immunity, Variants, Boosters. N Engl J Med. 2022 Sep 15; 387(11): 1011-1020. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra2206573.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMra2206573?articleTools=true
- Investigação da efetividade e durabilidade da proteção conferida por duas doses da vacina BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) em adolescentes com idade entre os 12 e os 17 anos, em períodos de predominância das variantes Delta e Ómicron, bem como do eventual benefício proporcionado pela administração de uma dose adicional. A imunidade foi superior face à variante Delta e mostrou uma diminuição marcada a partir dos seis meses. A efetividade estimada de três doses vacinais contra a variante Ómicron foi substancialmente superior.
- Tartof SY, Frankland TB, Slezak JM, Puzniak L, Hong V, Xie F, et al. Effectiveness Associated With BNT162b2 Vaccine Against Emergency Department and Urgent Care Encounters for Delta and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Adolescents Aged 12 to 17 Years. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Aug 1; 5(8): e2225162. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.25162.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2794882
- Estudo que avaliou a segurança da vacina contra a COVID-19 BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) em crianças entre os 5-11, com base nos efeitos adversos notificados a três sistemas de monitorização da segurança existentes nos EUA. Os dados mostram que a maioria dos eventos adversos relatados após a vacinação foi leve e nenhum sinal de segurança foi observado na vigilância ativa. As taxas de notificação de miocardite após a segunda dose nesse grupo etário foram substancialmente mais baixas do que as observadas entre adolescentes de 12 a 15 anos.
- Hause AM, Shay DK, Klein NP, Abara WE, Baggs J, Cortese MM, et al. Safety of COVID-19 Vaccination in US Children Ages 5-11 Years. Pediatrics. 2022 May 18. doi: 10.1542/peds.2022-057313.
https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/150/2/e2022057313/188023/Safety-of-COVID-19-Vaccination-in-United-States
- Estudo retrospetivo de coortes, para avaliar o risco de alguns resultados adversos após a vacinação contra a COVID-19 durante a gravidez. Os resultados sugerem que a imunização contra a COVID-19 com vacinas baseadas em ARN mensageiro durante a gravidez não está associada a maior risco de parto prematuro, de recém-nascido pequeno para a idade gestacional ou de nados-mortos.
- Fell DB, Dimanlig-Cruz S, Regan AK, Håberg SE, Gravel CA, Oakley L, et al. Risk of preterm birth, small for gestational age at birth, and stillbirth after covid-19 vaccination during pregnancy: population based retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2022 Aug 17; 378: e071416. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2022-071416.
https://www.bmj.com/content/378/bmj-2022-071416
- Análise observacional retrospetiva que utilizou dados da campanha de vacinação de uma região italiana. Indivíduos com idade igual ou superior a 12 anos que completaram a vacinação foram acompanhados durante um período de até 9 meses. Embora o risco de infeção após a vacinação, e especialmente de doença grave, permaneça baixo, o aumento gradual nos desfechos clínicos relacionados com a infeção por SARS-CoV-2 sugere que a campanha de vacinação de reforço deve ser acelerada e que não devem ser abandonadas as medidas de proteção individuais e sociais contra a propagação da COVID- 19.
- Corrao G, Franchi M, Cereda D, Bortolan F, Zoli A, Leoni O, et al. Persistence of protection against SARS-CoV-2 clinical outcomes up to 9 months since vaccine completion: a retrospective observational analysis in Lombardy, Italy. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022 May; 22(5): 649-656. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00813-6.
https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S1473-3099%2821%2900813-6
- Estudo prospetivo de coorte realizado para determinar a efetividade de uma quarta dose da vacina BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) na proteção contra infeções, internamentos hospitalares e mortes por COVID-19 em residentes de instituições de cuidados de longa duração, durante o surto pela variante Ómicron. Os resultados sugerem que a administração de uma quarta dose da vacina nesta população conferiu alta proteção contra os internamentos e mortes por COVID-19, mas a proteção contra a infeção foi modesta.
- Muhsen K, Maimon N, Mizrahi AY, Boltyansky B, Bodenheimer O, Diamant ZH, et al. Association of Receipt of the Fourth BNT162b2 Dose with Omicron Infection and COVID-19 Hospitalizations Among Residents of Long-term Care Facilities. JAMA Intern Med. 2022 Aug 1;182(8):859-867. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.2658.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2793699
- Avaliação da eficácia de uma quarta dose de vacina contra a COVID-19 baseada em ARN mensageiro contra infeção pela variante Ómicron do vírus SARS-CoV-2, infeção sintomática e resultados clínicos graves, como internamento hospitalar ou morte, em residentes de unidades de cuidados de longa duração. Foi demonstrada uma maior proteção contra todos os parâmetros avaliados comparativamente à imunização com três doses, especialmente quando esta havia ocorrido num intervalo igual ou superior a três meses.
- Grewal R, Kitchen SA, Nguyen L, Buchan SA, Wilson SE, Costa AP, Kwong JC. Effectiveness of a fourth dose of covid-19 mRNA vaccine against the omicron variant among long term care residents in Ontario, Canada: test negative design study. BMJ. 2022 Jul 6; 378: e071502. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2022-071502.
https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/378/bmj-2022-071502.full.pdf
Dickerman BA, Madenci AL, Gerlovin H, Kurgansky KE, Wise JK, Figueroa Muñiz MJ, et al. Comparative Safety of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 Vaccines in a Nationwide Cohort of US Veterans. JAMA Intern Med. 2022 Jun 13. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.2109.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2793236
Ling RR, Ramanathan K, Tan FL, Tai BC, Somani J, Fisher D, MacLaren G. Myopericarditis following COVID-19 vaccination and non-COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2022 Jul; 10(7): 679-688. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00059-5. Erratum in: Lancet Respir Med. 2022 May 10.
https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2213-2600%2822%2900059-5
Goldberg Y, Mandel M, Bar-On YM, Bodenheimer O, Freedman LS, Ash N, et al. Protection and Waning of Natural and Hybrid Immunity to SARS-CoV-2. N Engl J Med. 2022 Jun 9; 386(23): 2201-2212. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2118946.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa2118946?articleTools=true
Hause AM, Zhang B, Yue X, Marquez P, Myers TR, Parker C, et al. Reactogenicity of Simultaneous COVID-19 mRNA Booster and Influenza Vaccination in the US. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Jul 1; 5(7): e2222241. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.22241.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2794318
Cohen-Stavi CJ, Magen O, Barda N, Yaron S, Peretz A, Netzer D, et al. BNT162b2 Vaccine Effectiveness against Omicron in Children 5 to 11 Years of Age. N Engl J Med. 2022 Jun 29. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2205011.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa2205011?articleTools=true
Sadeghi S, Kalantari Y, Shokri S, Fallahpour M, Nafissi N, Goodarzi A, Valizadeh R. Immunologic response, Efficacy, and Safety of Vaccines against COVID-19 Infection in Healthy and immunosuppressed Children and Adolescents Aged 2 - 21 years old: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Clin Virol. 2022 Jun 3;153:105196. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105196.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1386653222001299?via%3Dihub
Dag Berild J, Bergstad Larsen V, Myrup Thiesson E, Lehtonen T, Grøsland M, Helgeland J, et al. Analysis of Thromboembolic and Thrombocytopenic Events After the AZD1222, BNT162b2, and MRNA-1273 COVID-19 Vaccines in 3 Nordic Countries. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Jun 1; 5(6): e2217375. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.17375.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2793348
Carlsen EØ, Magnus MC, Oakley L, Fell DB, Greve-Isdahl M, Kinge JM, Håberg SE. Association of COVID-19 Vaccination During Pregnancy With Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Infants. JAMA Intern Med. 2022 Jun 1. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.2442.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2793109
Wolfe CR, Tomashek KM, Patterson TF, Gomez CA, Marconi VC, Jain MK, et al. Baricitinib versus dexamethasone for adults hospitalised with COVID-19 (ACTT-4): a randomised, double-blind, double placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2022 May 23: S2213-2600(22)00088-1. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00088-1.
https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2213-2600%2822%2900088-1
Gazit S, Saciuk Y, Perez G, Peretz A, Pitzer VE, Patalon T. Short term, relative effectiveness of four doses versus three doses of BNT162b2 vaccine in people aged 60 years and older in Israel: retrospective, test negative, case-control study. BMJ. 2022 May 24; 377: e071113. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2022-071113.
https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/377/bmj-2022-071113.full.pdf
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Vaccinating Pregnant and Lactating Patients Against COVID-19. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Last updated February 4, 2021.
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(pre-proof)
PREVENÇÃO
Revisão das intervenções não farmacológicas utilizadas para controlo da pandemia de COVID-19. Estas intervenções foram essencialmente de dois tipos, nomeadamente medidas para reduzir os contactos e medidas para aumentar a segurança dos contactos. A sua adoção foi particularmente importante antes da disponibilidade das vacinas, permitindo o abrandamento da transmissão, acarretando, porém, impactos negativos a nível social e económico.
JMurphy C, Wong JY, Cowling BJ. Nonpharmaceutical interventions for managing SARS-CoV-2. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2023 Mar 2. doi: 10.1097/MCP.0000000000000949.
https://journals.lww.com/co-pulmonarymedicine/Fulltext/9900/Nonpharmaceutical_interventions_for_managing.54.aspx
Revisão sistemática, com o propósito de avaliar a efetividade de intervenções físicas para interromper ou reduzir a disseminação de vírus respiratórios, e que atualiza os dados de uma revisão anterior incorporando estudos relativos à COVID-19. Entre as intervenções preventivas investigadas incluem-se rastreios, isolamento, quarentena, higiene das mãos e equipamentos de proteção individual. Conclui que o efeito da utilização de máscaras é incerto, não existindo evidência clara de uma redução das infeções virais respiratórias associada ao seu uso. A higiene das mãos parece reduzir, de forma modesta, o risco de infeções respiratórias.
Jefferson T, Dooley L, Ferroni E, Al-Ansary LA, van Driel ML, Bawazeer GA, et al. Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jan 30; 1(1): CD006207. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub6
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9885521/pdf/CD006207.pdf
Investigação do risco de transmissão do vírus SARS-CoV-2 num contexto de ensino presencial universitário, sem distanciamento físico, mas com implementação de outras estratégias de mitigação, como a melhoria da ventilação, testagem periódica, uso de máscara e vacinação obrigatórias e rastreio de contactos. Conclui-se que o contágio em sala de aula foi negligenciável com aplicação de uma estratégia robusta de controlo da transmissão.
Kuhfeldt K, Turcinovic J, Sullivan M, Landaverde L, Doucette-Stamm L, Hamer DH, et al. Examination of SARS-CoV-2 In-Class Transmission at a Large Urban University With Public Health Mandates Using Epidemiological and Genomic Methodology. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Aug 1; 5(8): e2225430. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.25430.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2794964
Estudo longitudinal que através de um inquérito com representatividade nacional (Japão) analisou se a antecipação do horário de encerramento de restaurantes e bares reduziu os sintomas do SARS-CoV-2 no Japão. A medida diminuiu a taxa de utilização destes estabelecimentos entre os jovens e entre os que eram utentes regulares antes da pandemia. Contudo, os sintomas indicativos de COVID-19 não diminuíram nessas subpopulações ativas e de alto risco. Os resultados sugerem que o encerramento antecipado de restaurantes e bares, sem quaisquer outras medidas concomitantes não contribuem para a supressão da disseminação do SARS-CoV-2.
Takaku R, Yokoyama I, Tabuchi T, Oguni M, Fujiwara T. SARS-CoV-2 suppression and early closure of bars and restaurants: a longitudinal natural experiment. Sci Rep. 2022 Jul 23; 12(1): 12623. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-16428-4.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-16428-4.pdf
Estudo que descreve os casos e surtos de COVID-19 em escolas e infantários na Noruega durante o ano letivo de 2020/2021. A incidência de COVID-19 em crianças em idade pré-escolar e escolar, e as taxas de surtos seguiram a tendência na comunidade, sendo observados poucos grandes surtos. Concluem que é possível manter escolas abertas mesmo durante períodos de alta transmissão comunitária da COVID-19. A adesão às medidas de prevenção e controlo da infeção adaptáveis à situação local foi essencial para manter estes estabelecimentos educativos abertos.
Stebbings S, Rotevatn TA, Larsen VB, Surén P, Elstrøm P, Greve-Isdahl M, Johansen TB, Astrup E. Experience with open schools and preschools in periods of high community transmission of COVID-19 in Norway during the academic year of 2020/2021. BMC Public Health. 2022 Jul 30; 22(1): 1454. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-13868-5.
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12889-022-13868-5.pdf
Estudo que, usando modelos matemáticos, avaliou o impacto de intervenções não farmacológicas (permanência no domicílio e quarentena de contactos) na disseminação do COVID-19 em quatro cidades que sofreram surtos em larga escala na primavera de 2020. Os resultados indicam que o autoisolamento da população suscetível é necessário para conter os surtos. Os resultados destacam o papel essencial destas medidas durante a fase inicial da pandemia.
- Zhang R, Wang Y, Lv Z, Pei S. Evaluating the impact of stay-at-home and quarantine measures on COVID-19 spread. BMC Infect Dis. 2022 Jul 27; 22(1): 648. doi: 10.1186/s12879-022-07636-4.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9326419/pdf/12879_2022_Article_7636.pdf
Revisão sistemática e meta-análise, com o objetivo de resumir a evidência da relação custo-eficácia de intervenções para prevenção e controlo da COVID-19. Todas as medidas avaliadas nos estudos incluídos, nomeadamente intervenções não farmacológicas, vacinação e tratamentos farmacológicos mostraram uma relação custo-eficácia favorável, mas a evidência provém maioritariamente de estudos realizados em países com rendimentos elevados ou médios.
Zhou L, Yan W, Li S, Yang H, Zhang X, Lu W, Liu J, Wang Y. Cost-effectiveness of interventions for the prevention and control of COVID-19: Systematic review of 85 modelling studies. J Glob Health. 2022 Jun 15; 12: 05022. doi: 10.7189/jogh.12.05022.
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Feng Z, Zhang Y, Pan Y, Zhang D, Zhang L, Wang Q. Mass screening is a key component to fight against SARS-CoV-2 and return to normalcy. Med Rev (Berl). 2022 Apr 26; 2(2): 197-212. doi: 10.1515/mr-2021-0024.
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Kantele A, Paajanen J, Turunen S, Pakkanen SH, Patjas A, Itkonen L, et al. Scent dogs in detection of COVID-19: triple-blinded randomised trial and operational real-life screening in airport setting. BMJ Glob Health. 2022 May; 7(5): e008024. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-008024.
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